Two large earthquakes in western Switzerland in the sixteenth century: 1524 in Ardon (VS) and 1584 in Aigle (VD)     

Gabriela Schwarz-Zanetti  Donat Fäh  Sylvain Gache  Philipp Kästli  Jeanluc Loizeau  Virgilio Masciadri  Gregor Zenhäusern 《Journal of Seismology》2018,22(2):439-454

The Valais is the most seismically active region of Switzerland. Strong damaging events occurred in 1755, 1855, and 1946. Based on historical documents, we discuss two known damaging events in the sixteenth century: the 1524 Ardon and the 1584 Aigle earthquakes. For the 1524, a document describes damage in Ardon, Plan-Conthey, and Savièse, and a stone tablet at the new bell tower of the Ardon church confirms the reconstruction of the bell tower after the earthquake. Additionally, a significant construction activity in the Upper Valais churches during the second quarter of the sixteenth century is discussed that however cannot be clearly related to this event. The assessed moment magnitude Mw of the 1524 event is 5.8, with an error of about 0.5 units corresponding to one standard deviation. The epicenter is at 46.27 N, 7.27 E with a high uncertainty of about 50 km corresponding to one standard deviation. The assessed moment magnitude Mw of the 1584 main shock is 5.9, with an error of about 0.25 units corresponding to one standard deviation. The epicenter is at 46.33 N and 6.97 E with an uncertainty of about 25 km corresponding to one standard deviation. Exceptional movements in the Lake Geneva wreaked havoc along the shore of the Rhone delta. The large dimension of the induced damage can be explained by an expanded subaquatic slide with resultant tsunami and seiche in Lake Geneva. The strongest of the aftershocks occurred on March 14 with magnitude 5.4 and triggered a destructive landslide covering the villages Corbeyrier and Yvorne, VD.  相似文献   

Analysis of instrumental observations of the Jesenice meteorite fall on April 9, 2009     

Pavel SPURNÝ  Jiří BOROVIČKA  Javor KAC  Pavel KALENDA  Jure ATANACKOV  Gregor KLADNIK  Dieter HEINLEIN  Thomas GRAU 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(8):1392-1407

Abstract– We report an analysis of instrumental observations of a very bright fireball which terminated with a meteorite fall near the town of Jesenice in Slovenia on April 9, 2009, at 0h59m46s UT. The fireball designated EN090409 was recorded photographically and photoelectrically by two southern stations of the Czech part of the European Fireball Network (EN). Simultaneously, a part of the luminous trajectory was also captured by two all‐sky CCD systems and one video camera of the Slovenian meteor network. In addition to these optical recordings, the sonic booms produced by the Jesenice fireball were detected at 16 seismic stations located within 150 km of the trajectory. From all these records, we reconstructed the fireball’s atmospheric trajectory, basic geophysical data, the possible impact area, and the original heliocentric orbit of the meteoroid. Using a detailed fireball light curve, we modeled the atmospheric fragmentation of the meteoroid. Both the atmospheric behavior and the heliocentric orbit proved to be quite normal in comparison with other observed meteorite falls. The Jesenice orbit is markedly different from the P?íbram and Neuschwanstein orbital meteorite pair, which fell on similar dates (April 7, 1959, and April 6, 2002, respectively). Three meteorites with a total weight of 3.6 kg (until April 2010) were found in a high mountain area near the town of Jesenice. They are classified as L6 ordinary chondrites ( Bischoff et al. 2010 ).  相似文献   

Contrasting sediment flux in Val Lumnezia (Graubünden, Eastern Swiss Alps), and implications for landscape development   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marco Schwab  Fritz Schlunegger  Heinz Schneider  Gregor Stöckli  Dirk Rieke-Zapp 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2009,102(2):211-222

This paper presents qualitative estimates of sediment discharge from opposite valley flanks in the S–N-oriented Val Lumnezia, eastern Swiss Alps, and relates inferred differences in sediment flux to the litho-tectonic architecture of bedrock. The valley flank on the western side hosts the deep-seated Lumnezia landslide where an area of ca. 30 km² has experienced slip rates of several centimetres per year, potentially resulting in high sediment discharge to the trunk stream (i.e. the Glogn River). High slip rates have resulted in topographic changes that are detectable on aerial photographs and measurable with geodetic tools. In contrast, a network of tributary channels dissects the valley flank on the eastern side. There, an area of approximately 18 km² corresponding to < 30% of the surface has experienced a change in the landscape mainly by rock avalanche and rock fall, and the magnitudes of changes are below the calibration limit of digital photogrammetry. We thus infer lower magnitudes of sediment discharge on the eastern tributaries than on the western valley side, where landsliding has been the predominant erosional process. These differences are interpreted to be controlled by the dip-slope situation of bedrock on the western side that favours down-slope slip of material. Morphometric investigations reveal that the western valley side is characterized by a low topographic roughness because this valley flank has not been dissected by a channel network. It appears that high sediment discharge of the Lumnezia landslide has inhibited the establishment of a stable channel network and has largely controlled the overall evolution of the landscape. This contrasts to the general notion that channelized processes exert the first-order control on landscape evolution and formation of relief and needs to be considered in future studies about landscape architecture, drainage network and sediment discharge.  相似文献   

Textural, chemical, and isotopic effects of late-magmatic carbonatitic fluids in the carbonatite–syenite Tamazeght complex, High Atlas Mountains, Morocco     

Michael A. W. Marks  Florian Neukirchen  Torsten Vennemann  Gregor Markl 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,97(1-2):23-42

Carbonatites of the Eocene Tamazeght complex, High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, consist of calciocarbonatites (alvikite and sövite dykes) and magnesiocarbonatites (diatreme breccias and dykes rocks). These are associated with ultramafic, shonkinitic, gabbroic to monzonitic and various foid syenitic silicate units. Stable and radiogenic isotope compositions for carbonatites and silicate rocks indicate that they share a common source in the mantle, although for some carbonatitic samples contamination with sedimentary rocks seems important. The observed isotopic heterogeneity is mainly attributed to source characteristics, fractional crystallization (accompanied by various degrees of assimilation), and late- to post-magmatic fluid–rock interaction. During the late fluid–rock interaction, Sr, Mn, and possibly also Fe were mobilized and redistributed to form secondary carbonate minerals in carbonatites. These fluids also penetrated into the adjacent syenitic rocks, causing enrichment in the same elements.  相似文献   

Trophic ecology of the dominant fishes in Elkhorn Slough,California, 1974–1980     

James P. Barry  Mary M. Yoklavich  Gregor M. Cailliet  David A. Ambrose  Brooke S. Antrim 《Estuaries and Coasts》1996,19(1):115-138

Food habits of the dominant fishes collected from 1974 to 1980 at eight locations in Elkhorn Slough, California, and the adjacent ocean were investigated. Epifaunal crustacea was the major prey group identified from stomach contents of more than 2,000 fishes, followed by epifaunal and infaunal worms, and molluscs. Overall, 18 fish species consumed 263 different prey taxa, ranging from 10 taxa to 125 taxa per fish species and including 99 crustacean, 56 polychaete, and 39 molluscan taxa. Mean prey richness was greatest at stations near the ocean and lowest at inshore stations. Detailed dietary data for all prey taxa were summarized as trophic spectra for each fish species. Trophic spectra represented functional groups of prey and were used for comparisons of dietary similarity. Cluster analyses, based on trophic spectra, resulted in four feeding guilds of fishes. Of 18 fish species, seven (Amphistichus argenteus, Leptocottus armatus, Embiotoca jacksoni, Clevelandia ios, Gillichthys mirabilis, Cymatogaster aggregata, andCitharichthys stimaeus) fed principally on epifaunal crustacea. Four species (Pleuronectes vetulus, Platichthys stellatus, Phanerodon furcatus, andMyliobatus californica) consumed mostly molluscs and infaunal worms. Two species (Psettichthys melanostictus andTriakis semifasciata) fed on mobile crustacea, and five species (Hyperprosopon anale, Engraulis mordax, Clupea pallasi, Atherinopsis californiensis, andAtherinops affinis) fed largely on zooplankton and plant material. Our results suggest that high food availability enhances the nursery function of imshore habitats, and emphasize the importance of invertebrate prey populations and the indirect linkage of plant production to the ichthyofaunal assemblarly marine immigrant species that are likely ‘estuarine dependent’.  相似文献   

Some evaluations of hail suppression system efficiency in Slovenia,Yugoslavia     

J. Rakovec  B. Gregorčič  A. Kranjc  T. Mekinda  L. Kajfež-Bogataj 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1990,41(3):157-171

Summary The efficiency of hail suppression is studied for the operative, non-randomized system established in 1971 on a territory of a 256.000 ha and enlarged in the eighties to almost 970.000 ha (Fig. 1). The system was built with thea priori assumption that it is successful and so no special effort was made to collect the data necessary for the testing of its efficiency. However, some data are still at disposal for this purpose: the daily and five minutes interval precipitation data, the radar cloud variables data used as seeding criteria, the data on days with thunderstorms and with hail, and (not abundant) set of data on the damages in agriculture as collected by an insurance company. A statistical evaluation of these data on the significance of the eventual differences between target and control area and/or before and during the project period do not confirm the hypothesis that the system is successful at some acceptable significance level (90 or 95%). The conclusion that the efficiency of the hail suppression system could not be proved holds for the system as a whole: for the theoretical part and the operational one, with all the accompanying advantages and malfunctions.With 7 Figures  相似文献   

Formation of kyanite–quartz veins of the Alpe Sponda,Central Alps,Switzerland: implications for Al transport during regional metamorphism     

Thorsten Beitter  Thomas Wagner  Gregor Markl 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(6):689-707

In this study, we have investigated the formation of quartz–kyanite veins of the Alpe Sponda, Central Alps, Switzerland. We have integrated field observations, fluid inclusion and stable isotope data and combined this with numerical geochemical modeling to constrain the chemical processes of aluminum transport and deposition. The estimated P–T conditions of the quartz–kyanite veins, based on conventional geothermometry (garnet–biotite, white mica solvus and quartz–kyanite oxygen isotope thermometry) and fluid inclusion data, are 550 ± 30°C at 5.0 ± 0.5 kbar. Geochemical modeling involved construction of aqueous species predominance diagrams, calculation of kyanite and quartz solubility, and reaction–path simulations. The results of the modeling demonstrate that (1) for the given chemical composition of the vein-forming fluids mixed Al–Si aqueous species are dominant in transporting Al, and that (2) fluid cooling along a small temperature gradient coupled with a pH decrease is able to explain the precipitation of the quartz–kyanite assemblages in the proportions that are observed in the Alpe Sponda veins. We conclude that sufficient amounts of Al can be transported in typical medium- to high-grade regional metamorphic fluids and that immobile behavior of Al is not very likely in advection–dominanted fluid–rock systems in the upper and middle crust.  相似文献   

Farm size and landscape composition in relation to landscape changes in Denmark     

Gregor Levin 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):45-59

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 45–59, 2006

This paper explores relationships between farm size and landscape composition in terms of densities of uncultivated landscape elements and sizes of agricultural fields. The study is based on national agricultural registers for Denmark and on aerial photo interpretation of three study areas, representing different Danish landscape types. Results indicate significantly smaller fields and significantly higher densities of uncultivated landscape elements on small farms (<25 ha). At national level, current differences between small and large farms are to some extent caused by landscape changes between 1998 and 2004. Analyses of the study areas indicate that current differences between small and large farms mainly evolved between 1982 and 2002, while the influences of changes between 1954 and 1982 are limited. Relationships between farms size and landscape composition are independent of spatial variations in soil type and slope conditions. Consequently, attention must be paid to other parameters linked to farm size. In particular, the effects on landscape composition of part-time and hobby farming, as well as production type, must be considered.  相似文献   

Characterization and modelling of the spatial heterogeneity of snowmelt erosion   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Ollesch  Y. Sukhanovski  I. Kistner  M. Rode  R. Meissner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(2):197-211

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Formation and evolution of the Høgtuva beryllium deposit,Norway     

Julian Schilling  Bernard Bingen  Øyvind Skår  Thomas Wenzel  Gregor Markl 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2015,170(3):1-21

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